complaint

In one sentence

A formal written accusation that starts a criminal case.

Plain English

A complaint is the first charging document in a criminal case. It's a sworn statement (usually by a police officer or prosecutor) that describes the alleged crime and identifies the person accused. A complaint is often filed to get an arrest warrant or to formally charge someone with a misdemeanor. For more serious felonies, a complaint may be followed by an indictment from a grand jury.

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Example

After a store reports a shoplifting incident, a police officer files a complaint accusing a person of theft. The complaint describes what was allegedly stolen, when, and where. A judge reviews it and issues an arrest warrant based on the complaint.

Used in a sentence

“The officer filed a complaint charging the suspect with driving under the influence.”

Related terms

charging document

An official paper that formally accuses someone of committing a crime.

Warrant

A guarantee or promise that something is true or will work as stated.

guilty plea

A defendant's admission in court that they committed the crime(s) charged, typically resulting in conviction without trial.

bond

Money paid to secure release from jail before trial.

acquittal

A court decision that a defendant is not guilty of the charges.

Stand Your Ground

A law allowing a person to use force, including deadly force, to defend themselves without a duty to retreat.

Castle Doctrine

A law stating that a person's home is their castle and they can use force to defend it without duty to retreat.

Expungement

A legal process that erases or seals a criminal conviction from your record.

This page is a plain-English reference and is not legal advice. Laws vary by jurisdiction and change over time. For specific situations consult a licensed attorney.